• Welcome
• Alzheimer Europe
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    • 2013 Work Plan
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      • Annual Report 2011
      • Annual Report 2010
      • Annual Report 2009
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      • Annual Report 2007
      • Annual Report 2006
      • Annual Report 2005
      • Annual Report 2004
      • Annual Report 2003
      • Annual Report 2002
      • Annual Report 2001
      • Annual Report 2000
      • Annual Report 1999
    • Completed AE projects
      • 2011: Legislation relating to restrictions of freedom
      • 2011: The ethics of dementia research
      • 2010: The ethical issues linked to the use of assistive technology in dementia care
      • 2010: Legislation relating to legal capacity and proxy decision making
      • 2009: Legislation relating to healthcare and decision making in dementia
      • 2006-2008: EuroCoDe
      • 2006: Dementia Carers' Survey
      • 2004-2005: Advance directives
      • 2004-2005: Support after diagnosis
      • 2002-2003: Rare forms of dementia
      • 2002-2003: Optimisation of the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease and related disorders (OPDAL)
      • 2000-2001: Equality in home care provision
      • 1998-2000: Intranet
      • 1997-2000: Lawnet
      • 1997-1999: Children's book
      • 1997: Rural areas
      • 1997: Early onset dementia
      • 1996-1998: Care Manual
      • 1996-1998: ERICA
      • 1995-1997: Telephone Helpline
  • Who we are
    • Our members
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    • European Working Group of People with Dementia
      • Members
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    • Statutes of Alzheimer Europe
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    • Finances
      • Financial accounts
      • AE Sponsors
      • Sponsorship guidelines
      • 2013 Sponsorship opportunities
  • Our partners
    • Alzheimer's Disease International
    • European Alzheimer's Disease Consortium
    • European Patients' Forum
    • INTERDEM
    • European Association for Palliative Care
  • Alzheimer Europe publications
  • Contact us
• Dementia
  • A-Z of dementias
  • Alzheimer's disease
    • Who is affected by Alzheimer's disease?
    • Is Alzheimer's disease hereditary?
    • Is there a test that can predict Alzheimer's disease?
    • How is Alzheimer's disease diagnosed?
    • Is there any treatment for Alzheimer's disease
    • Main characteristics of Alzheimer's disease
    • What kind of research has been carried out?
  • Other forms of dementia
    • Neuro-Degenerative Diseases
      • Familial Alzheimer's disease
      • Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB)
      • Dementia in Parkinson's disease (PDD)
      • Fronto-Temporal Degeneration
      • Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP)
      • Corticobasal degeneration (CBD)
      • Argyrophilic Grain Disease (AGD)
      • Multiple System Atrophy (MSA)
      • Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
      • Ataxias
      • Huntington's Disease (HD)
      • Down syndrome
      • Familial British dementia
    • Infectious Diseases
      • Human Prion Diseases
      • Aids Dementia Complex (ADC)
      • Syphilis
      • Postencephalitic Parkinsonism (PEP)
      • Herpes Encephalitis
    • Metabolic Diseases
      • Thyroid disorders
      • Neuro-degeneration with brain iron accumulation type I (NBIA 1)
      • Cerebral Lipidoses
      • Dementia in hepatic and renal failure
      • Dementia due to chronic hypovitaminosis
      • Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD)
      • Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD)
    • Traumatic Diseases
      • Repeated head trauma
    • Toxic Diseases
      • Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome (WKS)
    • Cerebro-Vascular Diseases
      • CADASIL
      • Binswanger disease
      • Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy (CAA)
    • Other Rare Causes of Dementia
      • Cognitive Dysfunction in Multiple Sclerosis
      • Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH)
• Living with dementia
  • After diagnosis - What next?
    • Diagnosis of dementia
      • Disclosure of the diagnosis
      • Facing the diagnosis
    • Taking care of yourself
      • Developing coping strategies
      • Maintaining a social network
      • Attending self-help groups
      • Accepting help from others
      • Dealing with feelings and emotions
      • Changing roles and how you see yourself
      • On a more positive note
    • Organising family support
    • Dealing with practical issues
      • Financial and administrative matters
      • Driving
      • Safety issues
      • Employment issues
      • Healthy eating
    • Contact and communication
      • Speaking, listening and communication
      • Signs, symbols and texts
      • Personal relationships
      • Talking to children and adolescents
    • Changing behaviour
      • Lack of interest in hobbies
      • Disorientation
      • Managing everyday tasks
    • Keeping an active mind
    • Services
  • Caring for someone with dementia
    • The onset of the disease
      • Diagnosis: should the person with dementia be told?
      • Dealing with emotions
      • Arranging who will be responsible for care
      • Determining to what extent you can provide care
      • How will Alzheimer's disease affect independent living?
      • The needs of younger people with dementia
    • Memory and Communication
      • Memory loss
      • Communication problems
      • Disorientation
    • Daily life
      • Personal hygiene
      • Dressing
      • Eating and drinking
      • Personal relationships
      • Recreation, activities and exercises
      • Safety
      • When the person with dementia lives alone
      • How to help children cope
    • Changes in mood
      • Agitation and nervousness
      • Anger
      • Apathy
      • Brusque changes of mood and extreme sadness or happiness
      • Feeling depressed/having depression
      • Hallucinations and paranoid delusions (false beliefs)
      • Over-reaction
      • Frustration
      • Anxiety and fear
    • Changes in behaviour
      • Aggressive behaviour
      • Clinging and following
      • Embarrassing and odd behaviour
      • Failure to recognise people
      • Hiding/losing objects and making false accusations
      • Repetitive questioning
      • Sexually inappropriate behaviour
      • Sleeplessness and night-time wandering
      • Wandering
    • Medical and physical issues
      • Constipation
      • Dental problems
      • Eyesight
      • Fits
      • Hearing
      • Incontinence (wetting and soiling)
      • Jerking movements
      • Lifting and moving the person with dementia
      • Loss of co-ordination and manual skills
      • Pressure sores (bedsores)
    • Coping with caring
      • Self-help organisations
      • Looking after yourself
      • Caring for the person with dementia in the later stages of the disease
      • Death and bereavement
      • Brain tissue donations
  • Personal experiences of living with dementia
    • Philip C. (Romania & USA)
    • Ramona Amariei (Romania)
    • Paola (Italy)
    • Helga Rohra (Germany)
    • James McKillop (Scotland)
    • A carer from Spain
    • Hasse and Birgitta Hansson (Sweden)
    • Stewart Cooper (Luxembourg)
    • Roger Newman (UK)
  • Contact your national Alzheimer Association
• Policy in Practice
  • Paris Declaration
    • Executive Summary
    • Public health priorities
    • Research and medical priorities
    • Care and social support priorities
    • Legal and ethical priorities
  • European Alzheimer's Alliance
    • Members
    • Alliance activities
      • December 2012: “Living with dementia: Learning from the experiences of people with dementia.”
      • June 2012: "Alzheimer's disease in the new European public health and research programmes"
      • February 2012: "IMI in the spotlight" & "Speeding up drug discovery for Alzheimer’s disease: the PharmaCog project"
      • December 2011: "Public perceptions of Alzheimer’s disease and the value of diagnosis"
      • June 2011: "The Alzheimer Cooperative Valuation in Europe"
      • March 2011: "European activities on long-term care: What implications for people with dementia and their carers?"
      • December 2010: "The Joint Programming of research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (JPND). What progress so far?"
      • June 2010: “Alzheimer’s disease and dementia as a national priority: contrasting approaches by France and the UK”
      • September 2009: "European Action on dementia"
      • March 2009: "Towards a European Action Plan on Alzheimer's disease"
      • December 2008 "The rising cost of dementia"
      • September 2008: Launch of Written Declaration
      • September 2008: "Current and future treatments for AD"
    • MEPs speak out on dementia
      • Jan Andersson (Sweden)
      • Elena Oana Antonescu (Romania)
      • Maria Badia i Cutchet (Spain)
      • John Bowis (United Kingdom)
      • Frieda Brepoels (Belgium)
      • Milan Cabrnoch (Czech Republic)
      • Michael Cashman (United Kingdom)
      • Nessa Childers (Ireland)
      • Ole Christensen (Denmark)
      • Brian Crowley (Ireland)
      • Karl-Heinz Florenz (Germany)
      • Françoise Grossetête (France)
      • Maria Eleni Koppa (Greece)
      • Katalin Levai (Hungary)
      • Astrid Lulling (Luxembourg)
      • Jan Tadeusz Masiel (Poland)
      • Marisa Matias (Portugal)
      • Linda McAvan (United Kingdom)
      • Claude Moraes (United Kingdom)
      • Elisabeth Morin-Chartier (France)
      • Marie Panayotopoulos-Cassiotou (Greece)
      • Antonyia Parvanova (Bulgaria)
      • Sirpa Pietikäinen (Finland)
      • Frédérique Ries (Belgium)
      • Dagmar Roth-Behrendt (Germany)
      • Keith Taylor (UK)
      • Patrizia Toia (Italy)
      • Kathy Sinnott (Ireland)
      • Angelika Werthmann (Austria)
      • Glenis Willmott (UK)
      • Corien Wortmann-Kool (Netherlands)
      • Marina Yannakoudakis (UK)
      • Anna Záborská (Slovakia)
      • Dushana Zdravkova (Bulgaria)
    • Past supporters
  • EU Presidencies
    • 2010 Belgian European Presidency
    • 2010 Spanish European Presidency
    • 2009 Swedish European Presidency
    • 2009 Czech European Presidency
    • 2008 French Presidency Conference
  • EU Action on Dementia
    • 2009 Joint Programming (ongoing)
    • 2009 European Alzheimer's Initiative (ongoing)
    • 2009 European Parliament Written Declaration
    • 2008 Council conclusions on combatting Alzheimer's disease
  • National Dementia Plans
    • Austria
    • Belgium
    • Bulgaria
    • Cyprus
    • Czech Republic
    • Denmark
    • Finland
    • France
    • Germany
    • Greece
    • Ireland
    • Luxembourg
    • Malta
    • Netherlands
    • Norway
    • Poland
    • Portugal
    • Romania
    • Switzerland
    • Turkey
    • United Kingdom (England)
    • United Kingdom (Northern Ireland)
    • United Kingdom (Scotland)
    • United Kingdom (Wales)
  • Country comparisons
    • National Dementia Strategies (diagnosis, treatment and research)
      • Austria
      • Belgium
      • Bulgaria
      • Croatia
      • Cyprus
      • Czech Republic
      • Denmark
      • Estonia
      • Finland
      • France
      • Germany
      • Greece
      • Hungary
      • Ireland
      • Italy
      • Jersey
      • Latvia
      • Lithuania
      • Luxembourg
      • Malta
      • Netherlands
      • Norway
      • Poland
      • Portugal
      • Romania
      • Slovakia
      • Slovenia
      • Spain
      • Sweden
      • Switzerland
      • Turkey
      • United Kingdom (England)
      • United Kingdom (Northern Ireland)
      • United Kingdom (Scotland)
      • United Kingdom (Wales)
      • Acknowledgements
    • Restrictions of freedom
      • Austria
      • Belgium
      • Bulgaria
      • Croatia
      • Cyprus
      • Czech Republic
      • Denmark
      • Estonia
      • Finland
      • France
      • Germany
      • Greece
      • Hungary
      • Iceland
      • Ireland
      • Italy
      • Latvia
      • Lithuania
      • Luxembourg
      • Malta
      • Netherlands
      • Norway
      • Poland
      • Portugal
      • Romania
      • Slovakia
      • Slovenia
      • Sweden
      • Switzerland
      • Turkey
      • United Kingdom - England
      • United Kingdom - Scotland
      • Acknowledgements
    • Legal capacity and proxy decision making
      • Austria
      • Belgium
      • Bulgaria
      • Czech Republic
      • Denmark
      • Estonia
      • Finland
      • France
      • Germany
      • Greece
      • Hungary
      • Iceland
      • Ireland
      • Italy
      • Latvia
      • Lithuania
      • Luxembourg
      • Malta
      • Netherlands
      • Norway
      • Poland
      • Portugal
      • Romania
      • Slovenia
      • Spain
      • Sweden
      • Switzerland
      • Turkey
      • United Kingdom - England
      • United Kingdom - Scotland
      • Acknowledgements
    • Healthcare and decision-making in dementia
      • Austria
      • Belgium
      • Bulgaria
      • Cyprus
      • Czech Republic
      • Denmark
      • Estonia
      • Finland
      • France
      • Germany
      • Greece
      • Hungary
      • Iceland
      • Ireland
      • Italy
      • Latvia
      • Lithuania
      • Luxembourg
      • Malta
      • Netherlands
      • Norway
      • Poland
      • Portugal
      • Slovakia
      • Slovenia
      • Spain
      • Sweden
      • Switzerland
      • Turkey
      • United Kingdom - England
      • United Kingdom - Scotland
      • Acknowledgements
    • Home care
      • Austria
      • Belgium
      • Bulgaria
      • Cyprus
      • Czech Republic
      • Denmark
      • Estonia
      • Finland
      • France
      • Germany
      • Greece
      • Hungary
      • Iceland
      • Ireland
      • Italy
      • Latvia
      • Lithuania
      • Luxembourg
      • Malta
      • Netherlands
      • Norway
      • Poland
      • Portugal
      • Romania
      • Slovakia
      • Slovenia
      • Spain
      • Sweden
      • Switzerland
      • Turkey
      • United Kingdom
    • Reimbursement of anti-dementia drugs
      • Austria
      • Belgium
      • Bulgaria
      • Cyprus
      • Czech Republic
      • Denmark
      • Estonia
      • Finland
      • France
      • Germany
      • Greece
      • Hungary
      • Iceland
      • Ireland
      • Italy
      • Latvia
      • Lithuania
      • Luxembourg
      • Malta
      • Netherlands
      • Norway
      • Poland
      • Portugal
      • Romania
      • Slovak Republic
      • Slovenia
      • Spain
      • Sweden
      • Switzerland
      • Turkey
      • United Kingdom
    • Social support systems
      • Austria
      • Belgium
      • Bulgaria
      • Cyprus
      • Czech Republic
      • Denmark
      • Estonia
      • Finland
      • France
      • Germany
      • Greece
      • Hungary
      • Iceland
      • Ireland
      • Italy
      • Latvia
      • Lithuania
      • Luxembourg
      • Malta
      • Netherlands
      • Norway
      • Poland
      • Portugal
      • Romania
      • Slovakia
      • Slovenia
      • Spain
      • Sweden
      • Switzerland
      • Turkey
      • United Kingdom - England
      • United Kingdom - Scotland
  • Our opinion on ...
    • Advance directives
      • Annex 1 - List of participants
      • Annex 2 - Acknowledgements
    • Anti-dementia drugs
    • Participation of people with dementia in clinical trials
    • Policy on collaboration with other organisations
    • Disclosure of the diagnosis to people with dementia and carers
    • Genetic testing
    • The Hague Convention for the International Protection of Adults
    • Participation of people with dementia in research
    • Stem Cell Research
• Ethics
  • Dementia Ethics Network
    • Objectives
    • Structure
      • Secretariat
      • Advisory Group
      • National Correspondents
      • Working Groups
      • Dementia Ethics Steering Committee
      • Honorary Committee
    • Activities
      • Dementia Ethics Network Website
      • Dementia Ethics Network Forums
      • Dementia Ethics Network Publications
      • Working groups in the Network
    • Background Information
  • Definitions and approaches
    • What is meant by the term ethics?
    • Medical ethics and bioethics in Europe
    • The four common bioethical principles
      • Respect for autonomy
      • Beneficence and non-maleficence
      • Justice
    • Other ethical principles
      • Solidarity and interdependence
      • Personhood
      • Dignity
    • Cultural issues linked to bioethical principles
  • Ethical issues in practice
    • The ethical issues linked to restrictions of freedom of people with dementia
      • Preface
      • Introduction
      • Restriction of the freedom to choose one’s residence or place of stay
      • Freedom to live in least restrictive environment
      • The restriction of the freedom to act according to individual attitudes, values and lifestyle preferences
      • The restriction of the freedom to play an active role in society
      • Formal acknowledgements and disclaimer
      • Appendices
      • Glossary
      • References
    • Ethics of dementia research
      • The dementia ethics research project
      • Background, definitions and scope
      • Involving people with dementia
      • Informed consent to dementia research
      • Protecting the wellbeing
      • Risk, benefit, burden and paternalism
      • Clinical trials
      • Epidemiological research
      • Genetic research
      • Research into end-of-fe care
      • The donation of brain and other tissue
      • Publication and dissemination of research
      • Glossary
      • Annexes
      • References
    • The ethical issues linked to the use of assistive technology in dementia care
      • Background information
      • AT, ethical issues and legislation
      • Ethical issues linked to the use of specific forms of AT
      • Our guidelines and position on the ethical use of AT for/by people with dementia
      • An ethical framework for making decisions linked to the use of AT
      • Annexes
      • Glossary
      • References
    • End-of-Life care for people with dementia
      • Executive summary and recommendations
      • Our position and guidelines on End-of-life care
      • Acknowledgement
      • Bibliography
    • Advance directives and personhood
      • Critical interests
      • Personal identity
      • Subjective experience
      • Discontinuity of interests
      • Psychological continuity
      • Existence over time
      • Discussion on ethical principles
• Research
  • Value of Knowing
    • Public concerns about Alzheimer's disease
    • Public attitudes towards people with dementia
    • Public expectations from policy makers
    • Public experiences of Alzheimer's disease
    • Public knowledge of Alzheimer's disease
    • Public beliefs on existing treatments and tests
    • Public attitudes about diagnosis
  • European Collaboration on Dementia
    • Cost of dementia
      • The health economical context (Welfare theory)
      • Health economic aspects of dementia
      • The impact of informal care
      • Cost of illness and burden of dementia
      • Regional/National cost of illness estimates
      • Prognosis to 2030
      • Sensitivity analysis
      • Other European cost of illness estimates
      • Regional Patterns: The societal costs of dementia in Sweden
      • Regional patterns: The economic environment of Alzheimer's disease in France
      • Regional patterns: Economic environment of Alzheimer’s disease in Mediterranean countries
      • Regional patterns: Socio-economic impact of dementia and resourse utilisation in Hungary
      • Conclusions and policy implications
      • Acknowledgements
    • Diagnosis and treatment of dementia
      • Assessment
      • Diagnosis
      • Psychosocial interventions
      • Drug treatment for cognitive symptoms
      • Treatment for behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia
      • References
    • Prevalence of dementia
      • Prevalence of dementia in Europe
      • Prevalence of early-onset dementia in Europe
      • Prevalence of dementia in Eastern Europe
      • References
    • Prevention of dementia
      • Cardiovascular risk factors
      • Environmental/nutritional risk factors
      • Biological risk factors
      • Behavioural risk factors
      • Recommendations
      • References
    • Psychosocial interventions
      • References and conclusions
      • Guidelines on psycho-social interventions
      • Key recommendations
      • Potential quality indicators
      • Acknowledgements
    • Social Support Systems
      • Executive Summary
      • General recommendations
      • Specific services and support for people with dementia and carers
      • Examples of good practice
      • Glossary
      • Acknowledgements
      • Bibliography
  • PharmaCog
    • What is PharmaCog?
    • Why PharmaCog?
    • Who are the PharmaCog partners?
      • Academic Partners
      • Pharmaceutical companies
      • SMEs, patient group and regulatory authorities
      • What do the partners bring to the project?
      • Coordination
      • Management approach
      • Collaboration with other projects
      • Who financially supports PharmaCog?
    • How will PharmaCog benefit patients?
    • PharmaCog's Scientific Approach
      • Project Structure
      • Innovation, translation and harmonisation
      • Work Packages
    • Events
    • Publications
    • News & press
    • Key contacts
  • Comparative studies
  • Understanding dementia research
    • Participating in research
      • What is research?
      • Why do we need research?
      • Who can take part in research?
      • Benefits of taking part in research
      • Risks in taking part in research
      • Questions to ask about research
      • Tests used in dementia research
      • Ethical issues
    • Types of research
      • Philosophies guiding research
      • The four main approaches
      • Research methods
    • Clinical trials
      • What is a clinical trial?
      • What are the official requirements for carrying out clinical trials in the European Union?
      • Types of clinical trials
      • Phases of clinical trials
      • Types of treatments being researched
• Conferences
  • St. Julian's, Malta, 2013
    • Important dates
    • Draft Programme
    • Invited speakers
    • Social Programme
    • Registration fees
    • Hotel accommodation
    • Official Carrier
    • Practical information
    • Sponsors
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  • Previous conferences
    • 2012 Vienna
      • Patronage
      • Programme Overview
      • Detailed Programme, abstracts and presentations
      • Keynote Speakers
      • Conference Committees
      • Sponsors
      • Conference Photos and Videos
    • 2011 Warsaw
      • Patronage
      • Detailed Programme, abstracts and presentations
      • Invited speakers
      • Sponsors
      • Conference committees
      • Organisers
      • Conference Photos and Videos
    • 2010 Luxembourg
      • Patronage
      • Programme Overview
      • Detailed Programme and abstracts
      • Keynote Speakers
      • Sponsors
      • Conference Committees
      • Organisers
      • Conference Videos
    • 2009 Brussels
      • Organisers
      • Sponsors
      • Programme
      • Keynote speakers
      • Abstracts and presentations
    • 2008 Oslo
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  • Other Conferences
• News
  • Alzheimer Europe
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• Publications
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Last Updated: Friday 14 June 2013